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genetic determinism
Genetic determinism is the mechanism by which genes, along with environmental conditions, determine morphological and behavioral phenotypes.
== Alternative use ==
The term ''genetic determinism'' has sometimes been mistakenly applied to the unscientific belief that genes determine, to the exclusion of environmental influence, how an organism turns out. Such views have sometimes been attributed to opponents, or forwarded in hypothetical arguments, without having been actually held by anyone: as CH Waddington wrote in 1957, "It is of course a truism which has long been recognised that the development of any individual is affected both by the hereditary determinants which come into the fertilised egg from the two parents and also by the nature of the environment in which the development takes place."〔CH Waddington, ''The Strategy of the Gene'', London: George Allen & Unwin, 1957, p. 88〕
The use of ''genetic determinism'' in this sense of an accusation of holding unscientific beliefs originates in the historical "nature versus nurture" dispute, especially during the 1970s and 1980s.
A related error is the supposed misconception holding that geneticists and molecular biologists have only recently come to the realization that environment is essential in the development of the organism from egg to adult. It was in factual history understood long ago that genetic effects cannot be studied in isolation of the environment and that all measurements of such effects are only relative to stable external conditions.〔CH Waddington, ''The Strategy of the Gene'', London: George Allen & Unwin, 1957, pp. 88-104〕 Also known since at least the 1950s is the means by which the environment influences embryonic and juvenile development, namely the epigenetic control of gene activation and deactivation.〔CH Waddington, ''The Strategy of the Gene'', London: George Allen & Unwin, 1957, pp. 30-39〕
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